Light therapy, also known as photobiomodulation (PBM), involves applying low-level light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to the surface of the body. This approach is used to support cellular function and has been studied for its potential to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and enhance cellular activity.
PBM most commonly uses light in the near-infrared (NIR) and red light spectrum. These wavelengths are able to penetrate the skin and underlying tissues without causing damage.
The primary mechanism of action involves the absorption of light by mitochondrial chromophores, particularly cytochrome c oxidase, a key enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. When light energy is absorbed:
Mitochondrial metabolism increases
Cellular energy production (ATP) is enhanced
Oxidative stress is reduced
Growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators are released
Together, these effects contribute to tissue repair, pain reduction, reduced inflammation, and neuroprotection.
